Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Astronaut shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Astronaut offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Astronaut at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Astronaut? Wrong! If the Astronaut is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Astronaut then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Astronaut? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Astronaut and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Astronaut wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Astronaut then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Astronaut site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Astronaut, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Astronaut, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

using a manned maneuvering unit outside the U.S. Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984An astronaut or cosmonaut ( International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is a person trained by a List of human spaceflight programs to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.While generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.

Definition Until 2003, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military, or by civilian space agencies. However, with the first sub-orbital flight of the privately-funded Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the Commercial Astronaut. With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term "spaceflight participant" to distinguish those space travelers from astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies.

The criteria for what constitutes human human spaceflight vary. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) defines spaceflight as any flight over . However, in the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of are awarded Astronaut Badge.

As of October 4, As of 2007, a total of 463 humans from Timeline of astronauts by nationality—415 men and 48 women—have reached Low Earth orbit or beyond.Of these, List of Apollo astronauts have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon.According to the FAI guideline, 466 people qualify under the U. S. definition as having reached orbit.Space travelers have spent over 30,400 person-days (or a cumulative total of over 83 years) in space, including over 100 person-days of Extra-vehicular activity.As of 2007, the man with the longest time in space is Sergei Krikalev, who has spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes, or 2.2 years, in space.Sunita Williams holds the record for most time in space by a woman, with 195 days spent in space.

Terminology whose citizens have flown in space as of 2006

In the United States and many other English language-speaking nations, a professional space traveler is called an astronaut. The term derives from the Greek words ástron (star) and nautes (sailor). The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story The Death's Head Meteor in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier. For example, in Percy Greg's 1880 book Across the Zodiac, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de l'Infini (1925) of J.-H. Rosny aîné the word astronautique (astronautic) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied (in 1784) to balloon (aircraft)ists.

NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps.

Russia , first person in space (1961) (USSR)By convention, an astronaut employed by the Russian Federal Space Agency (or its Soviet space program predecessor) is called a cosmonaut in English texts. The word is an anglicisation of the Russian word космонавт (transliteration: kosmonavt, international phonetic alphabet ), which in turn derives from the Greek language words kosmos (universe) and nautes (sailor). For the most part, "cosmonaut" and "astronaut" are synonyms in all languages, and the usage of choice is often dictated by political reasons.

On March 14, 1995, astronaut Norman Thagard became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, arguably becoming the first "American cosmonaut" in the process.

China In China, the term "yǔhángyuán" () or "hángtiānyuán" () has long been used for astronauts. The phrase "tàikōng rén" (, literally "space person") is often used in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The term taikonaut is often used by Western news media for professional space travelers from Space program of China. The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih () from Malaysia, used it in newsgroups, while Chen Lan, almost simultaneously, used it in Western media. Official English texts issued by the Chinese government use astronaut while texts in Russian use cosmonaut.

Other terms While no nation other than Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United States, and China has launched a manned spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term spationaut (French spelling: spationaute) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the Latin word spatium or "space".

The term "Angkasawan" is used in Malaysia to describe participants of the Angkasawan program. It is translated as astronaut or cosmonaut.

Space travel milestones , first woman in space (1963) (USSR)The first human in space was Russian Yuri Gagarin, who was launched into space on April 12 1961 aboard Vostok 1. The first woman was Russian Valentina Tereshkova, launched into space in June 1963 aboard Vostok 6.

Alan Shepard became the first American and second person in space on May 5, 1961, while the first American woman in space was Sally Ride, during Space Shuttle Challenger's mission STS-7, on June 18, 1983.

The first mission to orbit the moon was Apollo 8, which included William Anders who was born in Hong Kong, making him the first Asian-born astronaut in 1968. On 15 October 2003, Yang Liwei became China's first astronaut on the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.

The Soviet Union, through its Intercosmos program, allowed people from other socialist countries to fly on its missions. An example is Vladimir Remek, a Czech people, who became the first non-Soviet European in space in 1978 on a Russian Soyuz launch vehicle rocket.On July 23 1980, Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first Asian people in space when he flew aboard Soyuz 37.Also in 1980, Cubans Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez became the first person of African descent to fly in space (the first person born in Africa to fly in space was Patrick Baudry).

With the larger number of seats available on the Space Shuttle, the U.S. began taking international astronauts. In April 1985, Taylor Wang became the first Chinese-born person in space; later that year, Rodolfo Neri Vela became the first Mexican-born person in space.In 1991, Helen Sharman became the first Briton to fly in space.In 2002, Mark Shuttleworth became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space, as a paying spaceflight participant.

Age milestones The youngest person to fly in space is Russian Gherman Titov, who was 25 years old when he flew Vostok 2. (Titov was also the first person to suffer space sickness).The oldest person who has flown in space is John Glenn, who was 77 when he flew on STS-95.The longest stay in space was 438 days, by Russian Valeri Polyakov.As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz. The furthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was 401,056 km, during the Apollo 13 emergency.

Non-government milestones The first non-governmental space traveler was Byron K. Lichtenberg, a researcher from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who flew on STS-9 in 1983. In December 1990, Toyohiro Akiyama became the first paying space traveler as a reporter for Tokyo Broadcasting System, a visit to Mir as part of an estimated $12 million (USD) deal with a Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was "Research Cosmonaut". Akiyama suffered severe space-sickness during his mission, which affected his productivity.

The first self-funded space tourist was Dennis Tito onboard the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001.

Self-funded travelers The first person to fly on an entirely privately-funded mission was Mike Melvill, piloting SpaceShipOne flight 15P on a sub-orbital journey, although he was a test pilot and not an actual paying space tourist.. Since then, five others have paid to fly into space:

  • Dennis Tito (American): April 28 - May 6, 2001
  • Mark Shuttleworth (South African / British): April 25 - May 5, 2002 (ISS)
  • Gregory Olsen (American): October 1 - October 11, 2005 (ISS)
  • Anousheh Ansari (Iranian / American): September 18 - September 29, 2006 (ISS)
  • Charles Simonyi (Hungarian / American): April 7 - April 21,2007 (ISS)


    • Training The first NASA astronauts were selected in 1959. Early in the space program, jet aircraft and engineering training were prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, and candidates tended to have military backgrounds. The earliest astronauts for both America and Russia tended to be jet fighter pilots, and were often test pilots.

    Once selected, NASA astronauts go through 20 months of training in a variety of areas, including training for extra-vehicular activity in a facility such as NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. Astronauts-in-training may also experience short periods of weightlessness in aircraft called the "vomit comet", the nickname given to a pair of modified KC-135s (retired in 2000 and 2004 respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a McDonnell Douglas C-9) which perform parabolic flights. Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircraft. This is mostly done in T-38 Talon out of Ellington Field, due to its proximity to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Ellington Field is also where the Shuttle Training Aircraft is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are done out of Edwards Air Force Base.

    NASA candidacy requirements

    Commander and Pilot

    Mission Specialist

    Mission Specialist Educator Educator Astronaut Project, or "Educator Astronauts", were first selected in 2004, and as of 2007, there are three NASA Educator astronauts: Joseph M. Acaba, Richard R. Arnold, and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger.Barbara Morgan, selected as back-up teacher to Christa McAuliffe in 1985, is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media, but she trained as a mission specialist.The Educator Astronaut program is a successor to the Teacher in Space program from the 1980s.

    Insignia At NASA, persons selected as astronaut candidates receive a silver Astronaut wings. Once they have flown in space they receive a gold pin. U.S. astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the Astronaut Badge, upon participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.

    Deaths , Dick Scobee, and Ronald McNair. Back row L-R: Ellison Onizuka, Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, and Judith Resnik.Space travel carries with it inherent risk and dangers. To date, nineteen people have been killed on five spaceflight missions, and at least ten more have been killed in ground-based training accidents. The five spaceflights which resulted in astronaut deaths are:

    See also {|| colspan=3 style="vertical-align:top" | ||| colspan=3 style="vertical-align:top" | |} References External links

    using a manned maneuvering unit outside the U.S. Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984An astronaut or cosmonaut ( International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is a person trained by a List of human spaceflight programs to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.While generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.

    Definition Until 2003, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military, or by civilian space agencies. However, with the first sub-orbital flight of the privately-funded Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the Commercial Astronaut. With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term "spaceflight participant" to distinguish those space travelers from astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies.

    The criteria for what constitutes human human spaceflight vary. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) defines spaceflight as any flight over . However, in the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of are awarded Astronaut Badge.

    As of October 4, As of 2007, a total of 463 humans from Timeline of astronauts by nationality—415 men and 48 women—have reached Low Earth orbit or beyond.Of these, List of Apollo astronauts have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon.According to the FAI guideline, 466 people qualify under the U. S. definition as having reached orbit.Space travelers have spent over 30,400 person-days (or a cumulative total of over 83 years) in space, including over 100 person-days of Extra-vehicular activity.As of 2007, the man with the longest time in space is Sergei Krikalev, who has spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes, or 2.2 years, in space.Sunita Williams holds the record for most time in space by a woman, with 195 days spent in space.

    Terminology whose citizens have flown in space as of 2006

    In the United States and many other English language-speaking nations, a professional space traveler is called an astronaut. The term derives from the Greek words ástron (star) and nautes (sailor). The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story The Death's Head Meteor in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier. For example, in Percy Greg's 1880 book Across the Zodiac, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de l'Infini (1925) of J.-H. Rosny aîné the word astronautique (astronautic) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied (in 1784) to balloon (aircraft)ists.

    NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps.

    Russia , first person in space (1961) (USSR)By convention, an astronaut employed by the Russian Federal Space Agency (or its Soviet space program predecessor) is called a cosmonaut in English texts. The word is an anglicisation of the Russian word космонавт (transliteration: kosmonavt, international phonetic alphabet ), which in turn derives from the Greek language words kosmos (universe) and nautes (sailor). For the most part, "cosmonaut" and "astronaut" are synonyms in all languages, and the usage of choice is often dictated by political reasons.

    On March 14, 1995, astronaut Norman Thagard became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, arguably becoming the first "American cosmonaut" in the process.

    China In China, the term "yǔhángyuán" () or "hángtiānyuán" () has long been used for astronauts. The phrase "tàikōng rén" (, literally "space person") is often used in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The term taikonaut is often used by Western news media for professional space travelers from Space program of China. The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih () from Malaysia, used it in newsgroups, while Chen Lan, almost simultaneously, used it in Western media. Official English texts issued by the Chinese government use astronaut while texts in Russian use cosmonaut.

    Other terms While no nation other than Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United States, and China has launched a manned spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term spationaut (French spelling: spationaute) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the Latin word spatium or "space".

    The term "Angkasawan" is used in Malaysia to describe participants of the Angkasawan program. It is translated as astronaut or cosmonaut.

    Space travel milestones , first woman in space (1963) (USSR)The first human in space was Russian Yuri Gagarin, who was launched into space on April 12 1961 aboard Vostok 1. The first woman was Russian Valentina Tereshkova, launched into space in June 1963 aboard Vostok 6.

    Alan Shepard became the first American and second person in space on May 5, 1961, while the first American woman in space was Sally Ride, during Space Shuttle Challenger's mission STS-7, on June 18, 1983.

    The first mission to orbit the moon was Apollo 8, which included William Anders who was born in Hong Kong, making him the first Asian-born astronaut in 1968. On 15 October 2003, Yang Liwei became China's first astronaut on the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.

    The Soviet Union, through its Intercosmos program, allowed people from other socialist countries to fly on its missions. An example is Vladimir Remek, a Czech people, who became the first non-Soviet European in space in 1978 on a Russian Soyuz launch vehicle rocket.On July 23 1980, Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first Asian people in space when he flew aboard Soyuz 37.Also in 1980, Cubans Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez became the first person of African descent to fly in space (the first person born in Africa to fly in space was Patrick Baudry).

    With the larger number of seats available on the Space Shuttle, the U.S. began taking international astronauts. In April 1985, Taylor Wang became the first Chinese-born person in space; later that year, Rodolfo Neri Vela became the first Mexican-born person in space.In 1991, Helen Sharman became the first Briton to fly in space.In 2002, Mark Shuttleworth became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space, as a paying spaceflight participant.

    Age milestones The youngest person to fly in space is Russian Gherman Titov, who was 25 years old when he flew Vostok 2. (Titov was also the first person to suffer space sickness).The oldest person who has flown in space is John Glenn, who was 77 when he flew on STS-95.The longest stay in space was 438 days, by Russian Valeri Polyakov.As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz. The furthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was 401,056 km, during the Apollo 13 emergency.

    Non-government milestones The first non-governmental space traveler was Byron K. Lichtenberg, a researcher from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who flew on STS-9 in 1983. In December 1990, Toyohiro Akiyama became the first paying space traveler as a reporter for Tokyo Broadcasting System, a visit to Mir as part of an estimated $12 million (USD) deal with a Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was "Research Cosmonaut". Akiyama suffered severe space-sickness during his mission, which affected his productivity.

    The first self-funded space tourist was Dennis Tito onboard the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001.

    Self-funded travelers The first person to fly on an entirely privately-funded mission was Mike Melvill, piloting SpaceShipOne flight 15P on a sub-orbital journey, although he was a test pilot and not an actual paying space tourist.. Since then, five others have paid to fly into space:

  • Dennis Tito (American): April 28 - May 6, 2001
  • Mark Shuttleworth (South African / British): April 25 - May 5, 2002 (ISS)
  • Gregory Olsen (American): October 1 - October 11, 2005 (ISS)
  • Anousheh Ansari (Iranian / American): September 18 - September 29, 2006 (ISS)
  • Charles Simonyi (Hungarian / American): April 7 - April 21,2007 (ISS)


    • Training The first NASA astronauts were selected in 1959. Early in the space program, jet aircraft and engineering training were prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, and candidates tended to have military backgrounds. The earliest astronauts for both America and Russia tended to be jet fighter pilots, and were often test pilots.

    Once selected, NASA astronauts go through 20 months of training in a variety of areas, including training for extra-vehicular activity in a facility such as NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. Astronauts-in-training may also experience short periods of weightlessness in aircraft called the "vomit comet", the nickname given to a pair of modified KC-135s (retired in 2000 and 2004 respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a McDonnell Douglas C-9) which perform parabolic flights. Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircraft. This is mostly done in T-38 Talon out of Ellington Field, due to its proximity to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Ellington Field is also where the Shuttle Training Aircraft is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are done out of Edwards Air Force Base.

    NASA candidacy requirements

    Commander and Pilot

    Mission Specialist

    Mission Specialist Educator Educator Astronaut Project, or "Educator Astronauts", were first selected in 2004, and as of 2007, there are three NASA Educator astronauts: Joseph M. Acaba, Richard R. Arnold, and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger.Barbara Morgan, selected as back-up teacher to Christa McAuliffe in 1985, is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media, but she trained as a mission specialist.The Educator Astronaut program is a successor to the Teacher in Space program from the 1980s.

    Insignia At NASA, persons selected as astronaut candidates receive a silver Astronaut wings. Once they have flown in space they receive a gold pin. U.S. astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the Astronaut Badge, upon participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.

    Deaths , Dick Scobee, and Ronald McNair. Back row L-R: Ellison Onizuka, Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, and Judith Resnik.Space travel carries with it inherent risk and dangers. To date, nineteen people have been killed on five spaceflight missions, and at least ten more have been killed in ground-based training accidents. The five spaceflights which resulted in astronaut deaths are:

    See also {|| colspan=3 style="vertical-align:top" | ||| colspan=3 style="vertical-align:top" | |} References External links



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